open import Algebra.Group.Ab.Tensor
open import Algebra.Group.Ab
open import Algebra.Monoid
open import Algebra.Group

open import Cat.Diagram.Equaliser.Kernel
open import Cat.Diagram.Coequaliser
open import Cat.Diagram.Biproduct
open import Cat.Diagram.Coproduct
open import Cat.Diagram.Terminal
open import Cat.Diagram.Product
open import Cat.Displayed.Total
open import Cat.Instances.Slice
open import Cat.Diagram.Zero
open import Cat.Prelude hiding (_+_ ; _*_ ; _-_)

import Algebra.Group.Cat.Base as Grp
import Algebra.Group.Ab.Hom as Ab

import Cat.Reasoning as Cat

open Total-hom

module Cat.Abelian.Base where

Abelian categories🔗

This module defines the sequence of properties which “work up to” abelian categories: Ab-enriched categories, pre-additive categories, pre-abelian categories, and abelian categories. Each concept builds on the last by adding a new categorical property on top of a precategory.

Ab-enriched categories🔗

An $Ab -enriched$ category is one where each $Hom$ set carries the structure of an Abelian group, such that the composition map is bilinear, hence extending to an Abelian group homomorphism

Hom (b, c) \otimes Hom (a, b) \to Hom (a, c),

where the term on the left is the tensor product of the corresponding $Hom -groups.$ As the name implies, every such category has a canonical $Ab -enrichment$ (made monoidal using $- \otimes -),$ but we do not use the language of enriched category theory in our development of Abelian categories.

record Ab-category {o ℓ} (C : Precategory o ℓ) : Type (o ⊔ lsuc ℓ) where
  open Cat C public
  field
    Abelian-group-on-hom : ∀ A B → Abelian-group-on (Hom A B)

  module Hom {A B} = Abelian-group-on (Abelian-group-on-hom A B) renaming (_⁻¹ to inverse)
  open Hom
    using (zero-diff)
    renaming (_—_ to _-_ ; _*_ to _+_ ; 1g to 0m)
    public

  Hom-grp : ∀ A B → Abelian-group ℓ
  Hom-grp A B = (el (Hom A B) (Hom-set A B)) , Abelian-group-on-hom A B

  field
    -- Composition is multilinear:
    ∘-linear-l
      : ∀ {A B C} (f g : Hom B C) (h : Hom A B)
      → (f ∘ h) + (g ∘ h) ≡ (f + g) ∘ h
    ∘-linear-r
      : ∀ {A B C} (f : Hom B C) (g h : Hom A B)
      → (f ∘ g) + (f ∘ h) ≡ f ∘ (g + h)

  ∘map : ∀ {A B C} → Ab.Hom (Hom-grp B C ⊗ Hom-grp A B) (Hom-grp A C)
  ∘map {A} {B} {C} =
    from-bilinear-map (Hom-grp B C) (Hom-grp A B) (Hom-grp A C)
      (record { map     = _∘_
              ; pres-*l = λ x y z → sym (∘-linear-l x y z)
              ; pres-*r = λ x y z → sym (∘-linear-r x y z)
              })

Note that from multilinearity of composition, it follows that the addition of

Hom -groups

and composition¹ operations satisfy familiar algebraic identities, e.g.

0 f = f 0 = 0,

- ab = (- a) b = a (- b),

etc.

  ∘-zero-r : ∀ {A B C} {f : Hom B C} → f ∘ 0m {A} {B} ≡ 0m
  ∘-zero-r {f = f} =
    f ∘ 0m                     ≡⟨ Hom.intror Hom.inverser ⟩
    f ∘ 0m + (f ∘ 0m - f ∘ 0m) ≡⟨ Hom.associative ⟩
    (f ∘ 0m + f ∘ 0m) - f ∘ 0m ≡⟨ ap (_- f ∘ 0m) (∘-linear-r _ _ _) ⟩
    (f ∘ (0m + 0m)) - f ∘ 0m   ≡⟨ ap ((_- f ∘ 0m) ⊙ (f ∘_)) Hom.idl ⟩
    (f ∘ 0m) - f ∘ 0m          ≡⟨ Hom.inverser ⟩
    0m                         ∎

  ∘-zero-l : ∀ {A B C} {f : Hom A B} → 0m ∘ f ≡ 0m {A} {C}
  ∘-zero-l {f = f} =
    0m ∘ f                                   ≡⟨ Hom.introl Hom.inversel ⟩
    (Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) + 0m ∘ f) + 0m ∘ f ≡⟨ sym Hom.associative ⟩
    Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) + (0m ∘ f + 0m ∘ f) ≡⟨ ap (Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) +_) (∘-linear-l _ _ _) ⟩
    Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) + ((0m + 0m) ∘ f)   ≡⟨ ap ((Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) +_) ⊙ (_∘ f)) Hom.idl ⟩
    Hom.inverse (0m ∘ f) + (0m ∘ f)          ≡⟨ Hom.inversel ⟩
    0m                                       ∎

  ∘-negatel
    : ∀ {A B C} {g : Hom B C} {h : Hom A B}
    → Hom.inverse (g ∘ h) ≡ Hom.inverse g ∘ h
  ∘-negatel {g = g} {h} = monoid-inverse-unique Hom.has-is-monoid (g ∘ h) _ _
    Hom.inversel
    (∘-linear-l _ _ _ ∙ ap (_∘ h) Hom.inverser ∙ ∘-zero-l)

  ∘-negater
    : ∀ {A B C} {g : Hom B C} {h : Hom A B}
    → Hom.inverse (g ∘ h) ≡ g ∘ Hom.inverse h
  ∘-negater {g = g} {h} = monoid-inverse-unique Hom.has-is-monoid (g ∘ h) _ _
    Hom.inversel
    (∘-linear-r _ _ _ ∙ ap (g ∘_) Hom.inverser ∙ ∘-zero-r)

  ∘-minus-l
    : ∀ {A B C} (f g : Hom B C) (h : Hom A B)
    → (f ∘ h) - (g ∘ h) ≡ (f - g) ∘ h
  ∘-minus-l f g h =
    f ∘ h - g ∘ h               ≡⟨ ap (f ∘ h +_) ∘-negatel ⟩
    f ∘ h + (Hom.inverse g ∘ h) ≡⟨ ∘-linear-l _ _ _ ⟩
    (f - g) ∘ h                 ∎

  ∘-minus-r
    : ∀ {A B C} (f : Hom B C) (g h : Hom A B)
    → (f ∘ g) - (f ∘ h) ≡ f ∘ (g - h)
  ∘-minus-r f g h =
    f ∘ g - f ∘ h               ≡⟨ ap (f ∘ g +_) ∘-negater ⟩
    f ∘ g + (f ∘ Hom.inverse h) ≡⟨ ∘-linear-r _ _ _ ⟩
    f ∘ (g - h)                 ∎

Before moving on, we note the following property of $Ab -categories:$ If $A$ is an object s.t. $id_{A} = 0,$ then $A$ is a zero object.

module _ {o ℓ} {C : Precategory o ℓ} (A : Ab-category C) where
  private module A = Ab-category A

  id-zero→zero : ∀ {X} → A.id {X} ≡ A.0m → is-zero C X
  id-zero→zero idm .is-zero.has-is-initial B = contr A.0m λ h → sym $
    h                                ≡⟨ A.intror refl ⟩
    h A.∘ A.id                       ≡⟨ A.refl⟩∘⟨ idm ⟩
    h A.∘ A.0m                       ≡⟨ A.∘-zero-r ⟩
    A.0m                             ∎
  id-zero→zero idm .is-zero.has-is-terminal x = contr A.0m λ h → sym $
    h                              ≡⟨ A.introl refl ⟩
    A.id A.∘ h                     ≡⟨ idm A.⟩∘⟨refl ⟩
    A.0m A.∘ h                     ≡⟨ A.∘-zero-l ⟩
    A.0m                           ∎

Perhaps the simplest example of an $Ab -category$ is.. any ring! In the same way that a monoid is a category with one object, and a group is a groupoid with one object, a ring is a ringoid with one object; Ringoid being another word for $Ab -category,$ rather than a horizontal categorification of the drummer for the Beatles. The next simplest example is $Ab$ itself:

module _ where
  open Ab-category
  Ab-ab-category : ∀ {ℓ} → Ab-category (Ab ℓ)
  Ab-ab-category .Abelian-group-on-hom A B = Ab.Abelian-group-on-hom A B
  Ab-ab-category .∘-linear-l f g h = trivial!
  Ab-ab-category .∘-linear-r f g h = ext λ _ →
    sym (f .preserves .is-group-hom.pres-⋆ _ _)

Additive categories🔗

An $Ab -category$ is additive when its underlying category has a terminal object and finite products; By the yoga above, this implies that the terminal object is also a zero object, and the finite products coincide with finite coproducts.

record is-additive {o ℓ} (C : Precategory o ℓ) : Type (o ⊔ lsuc ℓ) where
  field has-ab : Ab-category C
  open Ab-category has-ab public

  field
    has-terminal : Terminal C
    has-prods    : ∀ A B → Product C A B

  ∅ : Zero C
  ∅ .Zero.∅ = has-terminal .Terminal.top
  ∅ .Zero.has-is-zero = id-zero→zero has-ab $
    is-contr→is-prop (has-terminal .Terminal.has⊤ _) _ _
  module ∅ = Zero ∅

  0m-unique : ∀ {A B} → ∅.zero→ {A} {B} ≡ 0m
  0m-unique = ap₂ _∘_ (∅.has⊥ _ .paths _) refl ∙ ∘-zero-l

Coincidence of finite products and finite coproducts leads to an object commonly called a (finite) biproduct. The coproduct coprojections are given by the pair of maps

⟨ id, 0 ⟩ : A \to A \times B ⟨ 0, id ⟩ : B \to A \times B,

respectively, and the comultiplication of $f$ and $g$ is given by $f π_{1} + g π_{2} .$ We can calculate, for the first coprojection followed by comultiplication,

= = = (f π_{1} + g π_{2}) ⟨ id, 0 ⟩ f π_{1} ⟨ id, 0 ⟩ + g π_{2} ⟨ id, 0 ⟩ f id + g 0 f,

and analogously for the second coprojection followed by comultiplication.

  private module Prod = Binary-products C has-prods
  open Prod

  has-coprods : ∀ A B → Coproduct C A B
  has-coprods A B = coprod where
    open Coproduct
    open is-coproduct
    coprod : Coproduct C A B
    coprod .coapex = A ⊗₀ B
    coprod .ι₁ = ⟨ id , 0m ⟩
    coprod .ι₂ = ⟨ 0m , id ⟩
    coprod .has-is-coproduct .[_,_] f g = f ∘ π₁ + g ∘ π₂
    coprod .has-is-coproduct .[]∘ι₁ {inj0 = f} {g} =
      (f ∘ π₁ + g ∘ π₂) ∘ ⟨ id , 0m ⟩ ≡⟨ sym (∘-linear-l _ _ _) ⟩
      (f ∘ π₁) ∘ ⟨ id , 0m ⟩ + _      ≡⟨ Hom.elimr (pullr π₂∘⟨⟩ ∙ ∘-zero-r) ⟩
      (f ∘ π₁) ∘ ⟨ id , 0m ⟩          ≡⟨ cancelr π₁∘⟨⟩ ⟩
      f                               ∎
    coprod .has-is-coproduct .[]∘ι₂ {inj0 = f} {g} =
      (f ∘ π₁ + g ∘ π₂) ∘ ⟨ 0m , id ⟩ ≡⟨ sym (∘-linear-l _ _ _) ⟩
      _ + (g ∘ π₂) ∘ ⟨ 0m , id ⟩      ≡⟨ Hom.eliml (pullr π₁∘⟨⟩ ∙ ∘-zero-r) ⟩
      (g ∘ π₂) ∘ ⟨ 0m , id ⟩          ≡⟨ cancelr π₂∘⟨⟩ ⟩
      g                               ∎

For uniqueness, we use distributivity of composition over addition of morphisms and the universal property of the product to establish the desired equation. Check it out:

    coprod .has-is-coproduct .unique {inj0 = f} {g} {other} p q = sym $
      f ∘ π₁ + g ∘ π₂                                         ≡⟨ ap₂ _+_ (pushl (sym p)) (pushl (sym q)) ⟩
      (other ∘ ⟨ id , 0m ⟩ ∘ π₁) + (other ∘ ⟨ 0m , id ⟩ ∘ π₂) ≡⟨ ∘-linear-r _ _ _ ⟩
      other ∘ (⟨ id , 0m ⟩ ∘ π₁ + ⟨ 0m , id ⟩ ∘ π₂)           ≡⟨ elimr lemma ⟩
      other                                                   ∎
      where
        lemma : ⟨ id , 0m ⟩ ∘ π₁ + ⟨ 0m , id ⟩ ∘ π₂
              ≡ id
        lemma = ⟨⟩-unique₂ {pr1 = π₁} {pr2 = π₂}
          (sym (∘-linear-r _ _ _) ∙ ap₂ _+_ (cancell π₁∘⟨⟩) (pulll π₁∘⟨⟩ ∙ ∘-zero-l) ∙ Hom.elimr refl)
          (sym (∘-linear-r _ _ _) ∙ ap₂ _+_ (pulll π₂∘⟨⟩ ∙ ∘-zero-l) (cancell π₂∘⟨⟩) ∙ Hom.eliml refl)
          (elimr refl)
          (elimr refl)

  module Coprod = Binary-coproducts C has-coprods
  open Coprod

Thus every additive category is semiadditive.

  additive→semiadditive : is-semiadditive C
  additive→semiadditive .is-semiadditive.has-zero = ∅
  additive→semiadditive .is-semiadditive.has-biproducts {A} {B} = bp where
    open is-biproduct
    bp : Biproduct C A B
    bp .Biproduct.biapex = A ⊗₀ B
    bp .Biproduct.π₁ = π₁
    bp .Biproduct.π₂ = π₂
    bp .Biproduct.ι₁ = ι₁
    bp .Biproduct.ι₂ = ι₂
    bp .Biproduct.has-is-biproduct .has-is-product = Prod.has-is-product
    bp .Biproduct.has-is-biproduct .has-is-coproduct = Coprod.has-is-coproduct
    bp .Biproduct.has-is-biproduct .πι₁ = π₁∘⟨⟩
    bp .Biproduct.has-is-biproduct .πι₂ = π₂∘⟨⟩
    bp .Biproduct.has-is-biproduct .ιπ-comm =
      ι₁ ∘ π₁ ∘ ι₂ ∘ π₂ ≡⟨ refl⟩∘⟨ pulll π₁∘⟨⟩ ⟩
      ι₁ ∘ 0m ∘ π₂      ≡⟨ pulll ∘-zero-r ∙ ∘-zero-l ⟩
      0m                ≡˘⟨ pulll ∘-zero-r ∙ ∘-zero-l ⟩
      ι₂ ∘ 0m ∘ π₁      ≡˘⟨ refl⟩∘⟨ pulll π₂∘⟨⟩ ⟩
      ι₂ ∘ π₂ ∘ ι₁ ∘ π₁ ∎

  open is-semiadditive additive→semiadditive hiding (∘-linear-l; ∘-linear-r)

As described there, every semiadditive category has its own enrichment in commutative monoids. Since we already know that the zero morphisms agree (0m-unique), it would be natural to expect that the additions also agree; this is straightforward to check by linearity.

  enrichments-agree : ∀ {A B} {f g : Hom A B} → f +→ g ≡ f + g
  enrichments-agree {f = f} {g} =
    (id ∘ π₁ + id ∘ π₂) ∘ (f ⊗₁ g) ∘ δ      ≡⟨ ap₂ _+_ (idl _) (idl _) ⟩∘⟨refl ⟩
    (π₁ + π₂) ∘ (f ⊗₁ g) ∘ δ                ≡˘⟨ ∘-linear-l _ _ _ ⟩
    (π₁ ∘ (f ⊗₁ g) ∘ δ + π₂ ∘ (f ⊗₁ g) ∘ δ) ≡⟨ ap₂ _+_ (pulll π₁∘⟨⟩ ∙ cancelr π₁∘⟨⟩) (pulll π₂∘⟨⟩ ∙ cancelr π₂∘⟨⟩) ⟩
    f + g                                   ∎

Therefore, in order to get an additive category from a semiadditive category, it suffices to ask for inverses for every morphism, so that each $Hom -monoid$ becomes a $Hom -$ group.

module _ {o ℓ} (C : Precategory o ℓ) (semiadditive : is-semiadditive C) where
  open Cat C
  open is-semiadditive semiadditive

  semiadditive+group→additive
    : (inv : ∀ {A B} → Hom A B → Hom A B)
    → (invl : ∀ {A B} {f : Hom A B} → inv f +→ f ≡ zero→)
    → is-additive C
  semiadditive+group→additive inv invl .is-additive.has-ab = ab where
    mk : ∀ {A B} → make-abelian-group (Hom A B)
    mk .make-abelian-group.ab-is-set = hlevel 2
    mk .make-abelian-group.mul = _+→_
    mk .make-abelian-group.inv = inv
    mk .make-abelian-group.1g = zero→
    mk .make-abelian-group.idl _ = +-idl
    mk .make-abelian-group.assoc _ _ _ = +-assoc
    mk .make-abelian-group.invl _ = invl
    mk .make-abelian-group.comm _ _ = +-comm

    ab : Ab-category C
    ab .Ab-category.Abelian-group-on-hom _ _  = to-abelian-group-on mk
    ab .Ab-category.∘-linear-l _ _ _ = ∘-linear-l
    ab .Ab-category.∘-linear-r _ _ _ = ∘-linear-r

  semiadditive+group→additive inv invl .is-additive.has-terminal = terminal
  semiadditive+group→additive inv invl .is-additive.has-prods _ _ = Biprod.product

Pre-abelian & abelian categories🔗

An additive category is pre-abelian when it additionally has kernels and cokernels, hence binary equalisers and coequalisers where one of the maps is zero.

record is-pre-abelian {o ℓ} (C : Precategory o ℓ) : Type (o ⊔ lsuc ℓ) where
  field has-additive : is-additive C
  open is-additive has-additive public
  field
    kernel   : ∀ {A B} (f : Hom A B) → Kernel C ∅ f
    cokernel : ∀ {A B} (f : Hom A B) → Coequaliser C 0m f

  module Ker {A B} (f : Hom A B) = Kernel (kernel f)
  module Coker {A B} (f : Hom A B) = Coequaliser (cokernel f)

Every morphism $A f B$ in a preabelian category admits a canonical decomposition as

A p coker (ker f) f^{'} ker (coker f) i B,

where, as indicated, the map $p$ is an epimorphism (indeed a regular epimorphism, since it is a cokernel) and the map $i$ is a regular monomorphism.

  decompose
    : ∀ {A B} (f : Hom A B)
    → Σ[ f' ∈ Hom (Coker.coapex (Ker.kernel f)) (Ker.ker (Coker.coeq f)) ]
       (f ≡ Ker.kernel (Coker.coeq f) ∘ f' ∘ Coker.coeq (Ker.kernel f))
  decompose {A} {B} f = map , sym path
    where
      proj' : Hom (Coker.coapex (Ker.kernel f)) B
      proj' = Coker.universal (Ker.kernel f) {e' = f} $ sym path

        where abstract
          path : f ∘ kernel f .Kernel.kernel ≡ f ∘ 0m
          path = Ker.equal f
            ·· ∅.zero-∘r _
            ·· ap₂ _∘_ (∅.has⊥ _ .paths 0m) refl
            ·· ∘-zero-l ·· sym ∘-zero-r

      map : Hom (Coker.coapex (Ker.kernel f)) (Ker.ker (Coker.coeq f))
      map = Ker.universal (Coker.coeq f) {e' = proj'} $ sym path

The existence of the map $f^{'},$ and indeed of the maps $p$ and $i,$ follow from the universal properties of kernels and cokernels. The map $p$ is the canonical quotient map $A \to coker (f),$ and the map $i$ is the canonical subobject inclusion $ker (f) \to B .$

        where abstract
          path : ∅.zero→ ∘ proj' ≡ Coker.coeq f ∘ proj'
          path = Coker.unique₂ (Ker.kernel f)
            {e' = 0m} (∘-zero-r ∙ sym ∘-zero-l)
            (pushl (∅.zero-∘r _) ∙ pulll ( ap₂ _∘_ refl (∅.has⊤ _ .paths 0m)
                                               ∙ ∘-zero-r)
                 ∙ ∘-zero-l)
            (pullr (Coker.factors (Ker.kernel f)) ∙ sym (Coker.coequal _)
                 ∙ ∘-zero-r)

      path =
        Ker.kernel (Coker.coeq f) ∘ map ∘ Coker.coeq (Ker.kernel f) ≡⟨ pulll (Ker.factors _) ⟩
        proj' ∘ Coker.coeq (Ker.kernel f)                           ≡⟨ Coker.factors _ ⟩
        f                                                           ∎

A pre-abelian category is abelian when the map $f^{'}$ in the above decomposition is an isomorphism.

record is-abelian {o ℓ} (C : Precategory o ℓ) : Type (o ⊔ lsuc ℓ) where
  field has-is-preab : is-pre-abelian C
  open is-pre-abelian has-is-preab public
  field
    coker-ker≃ker-coker
      : ∀ {A B} (f : Hom A B) → is-invertible (decompose f .fst)

This implies in particular that any monomorphism is a kernel, and every epimorphism is a cokernel. Let’s investigate the case for “every mono is a kernel” first: Suppose that $f : A ↪ B$ is some monomorphism; We’ll show that it’s isomorphic to $ker (coker f)$ in the slice category $A / B .$

  module _ {A B} (f : Hom A B) (monic : is-monic f) where
    private
      module m = Cat (Slice C B)

The map $A \to ker (coker f)$ is obtained as the composite

A p coker (ker f) ≅ ker (coker f),

where the isomorphism is our canonical map from before.

      f→kercoker : m.Hom (cut f) (cut (Ker.kernel (Coker.coeq f)))
      f→kercoker ./-Hom.map = decompose f .fst ∘ Coker.coeq (Ker.kernel f)
      f→kercoker ./-Hom.commutes = sym (decompose f .snd)

Conversely, map $ker (coker f) \to A$ is the composite

ker (coker f) ≅ coker (ker f) \to A,

where the second map arises from the universal property of the cokernel: We can map out of it with the map $ker f ↪ A,$ since (using that $f$ is mono), we have $0 = ker f$ from $f 0 = f ker f .$

      kercoker→f : m.Hom (cut (Ker.kernel (Coker.coeq f))) (cut f)
      kercoker→f ./-Hom.map =
        Coker.universal (Ker.kernel f) {e' = id} (monic _ _ path) ∘
          coker-ker≃ker-coker f .is-invertible.inv
        where abstract
          path : f ∘ id ∘ 0m ≡ f ∘ id ∘ Ker.kernel f
          path =
            f ∘ id ∘ 0m              ≡⟨ ap (f ∘_) (eliml refl) ∙ ∘-zero-r ⟩
            0m                       ≡˘⟨ ∅.zero-∘r _ ∙ 0m-unique ⟩
            (∅.zero→ ∘ Ker.kernel f) ≡˘⟨ Ker.equal f ⟩
            f ∘ Ker.kernel f         ≡⟨ ap (f ∘_) (introl refl) ⟩
            f ∘ id ∘ Ker.kernel f    ∎

This is indeed a map in the slice using that both isomorphisms and coequalisers are epic to make progress.

      kercoker→f ./-Hom.commutes = path where
        lemma =
          is-coequaliser→is-epic (Coker.coeq _) (Coker.has-is-coeq _) _ _ $
               pullr (Coker.factors _)
            ·· elimr refl
            ·· (decompose f .snd ∙ assoc _ _ _)

        path =
          invertible→epic (coker-ker≃ker-coker _) _ _ $
            (f ∘ Coker.universal _ _ ∘ _) ∘ decompose f .fst   ≡⟨ ap₂ _∘_ (assoc _ _ _) refl ⟩
            ((f ∘ Coker.universal _ _) ∘ _) ∘ decompose f .fst ≡⟨ cancelr (coker-ker≃ker-coker _ .is-invertible.invr) ⟩
            f ∘ Coker.universal _ _                            ≡⟨ lemma ⟩
            Ker.kernel _ ∘ decompose f .fst                     ∎

Using the universal property of the cokernel (both uniqueness and universality), we establish that the maps defined above are inverses in $A,$ thus assemble into an isomorphism in the slice.

    mono→kernel : cut f m.≅ cut (Ker.kernel (Coker.coeq f))
    mono→kernel = m.make-iso f→kercoker kercoker→f f→kc→f kc→f→kc where
      f→kc→f : f→kercoker m.∘ kercoker→f ≡ m.id
      f→kc→f = ext $
        (decompose f .fst ∘ Coker.coeq _) ∘ Coker.universal _ _ ∘ _  ≡⟨ cancel-inner lemma ⟩
        decompose f .fst ∘ _                                         ≡⟨ coker-ker≃ker-coker f .is-invertible.invl ⟩
        id                                                           ∎
        where
          lemma = Coker.unique₂ _
            {e' = Coker.coeq (Ker.kernel f)}
            (∘-zero-r ∙ sym (sym (Coker.coequal _) ∙ ∘-zero-r))
            (pullr (Coker.factors (Ker.kernel f)) ∙ elimr refl)
            (eliml refl)

      kc→f→kc : kercoker→f m.∘ f→kercoker ≡ m.id
      kc→f→kc = ext $
        (Coker.universal _ _ ∘ _) ∘ decompose f .fst ∘ Coker.coeq _ ≡⟨ cancel-inner (coker-ker≃ker-coker f .is-invertible.invr) ⟩
        Coker.universal _ _ ∘ Coker.coeq _                          ≡⟨ Coker.factors _ ⟩
        id                                                          ∎

“multiplication”↩︎